Zahiriddin Babur's Diverse Triumphs: Insights from Uzbek and Global Literary Perspectives

Kamola Ravshanovna Khayrullayeva 

Bukhara State Medical Institute 

Teacher of Foreign Languages Department 

DESCRIPTION OF ZAHIRIDDIN BABUR’S ACHIEVEMENTS IN  VARIOUS FIELDS IN THE WORKS OF UZBEK AND WORLD  AUTHORS

Abstract: 

The purpose of this article is to research on lifelong activities of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur as a  military man, great king, specialist of art, architecture, culture and literature. In this process, there is a glance at  numerous literary works written by representatives of Uzbek and world literature. 

Key words: prince, king, commander, Imperial country, writer, poetry, literary works, art, culture, architecture,  painting, building, gardening, ruling system, military actions. 

Language: English 

Citation: Khayrullayeva, K. R. (2020). Description of Zahiriddin Babur’s achievements in various fields in the  works of Uzbek and world authors. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 09 (89), 8-11. 

Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-09-89-2 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2020.09.89.2 Scopus ASCC: 1208. 

Introduction 

It is not a secret for us that human history has  faced with limitless number of heroes and heroines  who had a great role in formulating different spheres  of environment. A number of them effected on the  development of literature and art, whereas others  impacted on politics and military life. However, in this  article we are going to identify achievements of  Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur in various fields. In this  case, as a tool we chose some of invaluable works  created by Uzbek, Indian and English authors. 

I. Early life and background.

Known as the famous writer Zahiriddin was born  in Ferghana region on February 14, 1483. He was the  son of Timurid Omar Sheikh Mirzo. However, Indian  writer S.M.Jaffar indicated some misconception in his  work "The Mughal Empire from Babar to Aurangzeb"  that Zahiriddin was born on February 24, 1483. Babur  was descended from Amir Temur on the father's side  and Genghis Khan on the mother's side. In his veins  he combined the blood of two great warriors of  Central Asia, that is, he embodied the courage of  nomadic Tatars and the qualities of civilized Arabs.  Babur was not originally a Mongol. In his “Memoirs”,  he spoke little about the Mongols and always referred  to himself as a Turk. But it is strange that the state he  founded in India became known in history as the  “Mongol Empire”. The main reason for this is that the  Indians called all the Muslim invaders as “Afghans”  and “Mongols”.

II. First attempts as a king and commander. 

After gaining the reign of father in 1494, Babur  was forced to fight with his own uncles for the throne.  As a result, Zahiriddin lost his lands for the sake of  Shaibanids and then in 1504 “Tiger” established his  new country in Khurasan and continued his reign as a  king. Soon Kandahar and Herat lands were also  conquered. Subsequently, while continuing his rule in  Khurasan, Zahiriddin began to think of conquering  India. In his youth, Babur had read and heard about  the triumphal procession of his ancestor Temur to  India. At that time Babur himself was planning to  conquer the fertile fields, rich nature and vast plains  of India. However, he could not fully state the reason  why Babur put his family and his army in danger of  occupying the territory of North India. Despite the fact  that royal power was in the blood of Babur, he was  more commonly known as a "born traveler" and his  character determined his fate.

Babur's first attempts in conquering India were  in convenient time. Indian army was very weak and  uncoordinated, Babur’s soldiers, on the other hand,  were very strong and well prepared. Babur could  defeat Indian king of that time, Ibrahim Lodi’s  100,000-strong army with his army of only 12,000, as  Zahiriddin’s men were well-trained and had a large  number of artillery. Thus, on April 22, 1526, Babur’s  name was declared as a king of Dehli in the mosque.  Now that the Afghan rule in India was over and the  Mongol rule began. 

III. Actions as a great ruler. 

Zahiriddin Muhammad, who ruled Kabul from  1504-1526, established a centralized, strong state. He  did extensive work on improving the country. He  ordered to build big markets. It boosted both domestic  and foreign trade. The release of new canals was a  major factor in the regulation of dams. “Tiger”  expanded the cultivated area, created new parks. He  built monuments based on oriental architectural  traditions. As a result, this contributed to the spiritual  and economic value of the people. 

A brilliant era began in India with the entrance  of Zahiriddin to this land. Indian land reached its peak  of development under the rule of Moghuls. It is clear  from these thoughts that the Indian writer had a  positive view of the activities of Babur and his  descendants in India. Under their rule the land of India  flourished in different spheres of science. 

Babur served as king of India for less than 5  years, but his system of government during this period  is seen as a period of strong energy, quick decisions,  and agility, just like in his military campaigns. After  taking the throne of Delhi, the common people  rebelled against the rule of Zahiriddin because they  preferred a tyrant to a foreign king. Babur’s own  people also offered to go back saying that the hot  climate of India had a negative effect on their health,  but the great king came out to them and gave a speech  and said that he came to India to stay for a lifetime,  nothing but death can separate from this kingdom and  his speech lifted the spirits of all. 

He restored Agra as the capital of his state and  was able to turn it into a city of beautiful gardens with  large palaces, baths, wells, and waterways; Zahiriddin  ordered the renovation of mosques and other buildings  there and introduced a high-speed mail system  between Kabul and Agra. Babur divided his kingdom  among his soldiers. Professor Rushbrook-Williams  left the following fair opinion about Zahiriddin's  ruling system: ”Babur could inherit the country which  could be united only with the help of monarchy. His  Imperia possessed very weak politics”. It is important  to remember that Babur did not have enough time to  introduce new laws and regulations in the country. If  he had lived longer, he would have proved his abilities  as a great manager. It is clear from these views that  while many foreigners, especially the people of India,  regarded Babur as a great commander because of his  many military achievements, they did not regard him  as a great king and leader. 

The Mongol Imperialism, a period rich in new  ideas, was able to create good conditions for the  flourishing of art and the development of literature.  During two centuries of rule, the Mongol Empire  became a real Heaven for poets and writers, historians  and artists, philosophers, musicians and dancers,  engineers and architects.

S. Lane-Poole described Babur’s achievements  as follows: “When he came to India, the way for the  Imperial State was opened in the country, and his  place in the field of literature is significant with his  travels, his wonderful book “Memories”. In Persian  and Latin, Babur was a great poet, and in Turkish, he  had his own style in poetry and prose. When we look  at history, it is difficult to find a prince who is higher  position than Babur in terms of genius and mastery of  a complex path of destiny”.

Babur ascended the throne of Delhi in 1526, but  he was a stranger to India and always continued to feel  that way. He came from the north, from Central Asia,  which flourished under the influence of the Timurid  Renaissance, and where the influence of Iranian art  and culture was strong. He has always longed for a  friendly community in Baghdad and Iran, and for  pleasant conversations. Babur missed the snow and  glaciers of the northern peaks, the flowers and fruits  of Fergana. He described India as a very good country,  despite the inconveniences he faced with. 

Babur died 4 years after his arrival in India, and  much of his time was spent in struggles and the  relocation of the capital to Agra, where he used the  services of architects called from Constantinople. At  that time, Constantinople was under the rule of Sultan  Suleiman the Magnificent, and construction in this  city was at a high level. Babur was acquainted with a  very small part of India, but he believed that at that  time northern India was at a much lower cultural level.  According to Babur, there was no shortage of skilled  workers and art critics in India. But they lacked the  ability to make mechanical discoveries. 

Even when Babur came to northern India, the  southern city of Vijayanagar is said to have been home  to many works of art and culture by many European  tourists. However, there was a cultural decline in  northern India. The main reason for this was the large  number of casualties during the Afghan invasion.  Under the rule of the Mongols, who had a higher  standard of living and culture than the Afghans, many  changes took place in India, which brought the  aristocratic lifestyle to this country. 

Babur was a handsome man, a true Renaissance  prince. He was a brave man, a traveler, a true lover of  art, literature and good living conditions. (J.Nehru) 

On December 26, 1530, the great king and  commander Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, the incomparable writer and poet, passed away this world  forever. He himself bequeathed his burial at the  “Aram Bagh” garden in Kabul.

IV.Literary activity as a writer and poet. 

First and foremost, while describing Zahiriddin  as a writer, we must mention about the "Baburnama"  written by him throughout his life, which is the  autobiographical work of the great leader containing  life story. By collecting all his lyrical poetry,  Zahiriddin created the "Kabul devon" in 1519, and the  "Indian devon" in 1528-1529. The total number of  poems created by the great poet is 400, 119 of them  are in the ghazal genre and 231 in the rubai genre. He  also co-authored the book “Mubayyin-i-Zakot”,  written in 1522 which includes tax rate that what  amount of taxes should be collected according to the  level of population. 

Being a well-versed linguist, Zahiriddin created  the book “Mukhtasar” dedicated to the science of  “Aruz” in 1523-1526, and it now serves linguists as a  great source in linguistics. Babur, who was also  interested in translation, translated the Hodja Ahror’s  "Volidia" from Persian into Turkish. 

In addition, there is information that Babur wrote  books such as "Harb ishi" in order to share his  knowledge, skills in the military field and "Musika  ilmi" to contribute to the development of music. 

References: 

1. Bobur, Z.M. (1989). Boburnoma. Toshkent.  2. Qodirov, P. (2006). Yulduzli tunlar. (p.543).  Toshkent. 

3. Kenja, Q. (2000). Hind sorig’a. (p.352).  Toshkent. 

4. Mashrabov, Z., & Shokarimov, S. (1997).  Asrlarni bo’ylagan Bobur. (p.176). Toshkent.  5. Khayrullayeva, K.R. (2020). Interpretation of  Zahiriddin Muhamad Babur’s image in Uzbek  and world literature. EPRA International  Journal of Research and Development. Volume  5, Issue 5, May, 2020. 

6. Beveridge, A.S. (1970). Babur-Nama. (Memoirs  of Babur) Translation, Taj Offset Press.  (p.1040). New Delhi. 

7. Grenard, F. (1931). Baber first of the Moghuls.  Thornton Butterworth Limited, (p.272). London.  8. Lamb, H. (1961). Babur The Tiger: First of the  great Moguls. Doubleday and company inc,  (p.351). New York. 

V. Achievements in art, architecture and  gardening.

Babur was a great art lover. Architecture, poetry,  painting, music, gardening, and the art of decorating  books with various paintings reached to the peak of its  flourishment under his rule. His interests were so  strong that even in the heyday of his reign he could  find time to engage in the arts. When he arrived in  India, he did not like the buildings of Delhi and Agra,  but he was amazed by the architecture of Gwalior.  However, only one mosque in Panipat and the Jome  Mosque in Sambhal which were built during his rule  have survived till now. 

VI.Conclusion. 

In summing up, when we look through the  human history, we can be sure that numerous kings,  commanders, rulers; writers, poets; artists, painters;  architects had an invaluable role in forming today’s  view of the world. However, the person who collected  all abovementioned features in his priceless mind was  Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur. In this article we  attempted to research on a number of literary works,  articles written by representatives of Uzbek and world  literature. After the analysis, we came into conclusion  that different authors had various thoughts about  activities of Babur. Both positive and negative  opinions about Zahiriddin’s military actions, policy,  literary and artistic activity are included in their books. 

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