Kamola Ravshanovna Khayrullayeva
Bukhara State Medical Institute
Teacher of Foreign Languages Department
DESCRIPTION
OF ZAHIRIDDIN BABUR’S ACHIEVEMENTS IN
VARIOUS FIELDS IN THE WORKS OF UZBEK AND WORLD AUTHORS
Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to research on lifelong activities of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur as a military man, great king, specialist of art, architecture, culture and literature. In this process, there is a glance at numerous literary works written by representatives of Uzbek and world literature.
Key
words: prince, king, commander, Imperial country, writer, poetry, literary
works, art, culture, architecture,
painting, building, gardening, ruling system, military actions.
Language:
English
Citation:
Khayrullayeva, K. R. (2020). Description of Zahiriddin Babur’s achievements in
various fields in the works of Uzbek and
world authors. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 09 (89), 8-11.
Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-09-89-2 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2020.09.89.2 Scopus ASCC: 1208.
Introduction
It
is not a secret for us that human history has
faced with limitless number of heroes and heroines who had a great role in formulating different
spheres of environment. A number of them
effected on the development of
literature and art, whereas others
impacted on politics and military life. However, in this article we are going to identify achievements
of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur in various
fields. In this case, as a tool we chose
some of invaluable works created by
Uzbek, Indian and English authors.
I.
Early life and background.
Known as the famous writer Zahiriddin was born in Ferghana region on February 14, 1483. He was the son of Timurid Omar Sheikh Mirzo. However, Indian writer S.M.Jaffar indicated some misconception in his work "The Mughal Empire from Babar to Aurangzeb" that Zahiriddin was born on February 24, 1483. Babur was descended from Amir Temur on the father's side and Genghis Khan on the mother's side. In his veins he combined the blood of two great warriors of Central Asia, that is, he embodied the courage of nomadic Tatars and the qualities of civilized Arabs. Babur was not originally a Mongol. In his “Memoirs”, he spoke little about the Mongols and always referred to himself as a Turk. But it is strange that the state he founded in India became known in history as the “Mongol Empire”. The main reason for this is that the Indians called all the Muslim invaders as “Afghans” and “Mongols”.
II.
First attempts as a king and commander.
After gaining the reign of father in 1494, Babur was forced to fight with his own uncles for the throne. As a result, Zahiriddin lost his lands for the sake of Shaibanids and then in 1504 “Tiger” established his new country in Khurasan and continued his reign as a king. Soon Kandahar and Herat lands were also conquered. Subsequently, while continuing his rule in Khurasan, Zahiriddin began to think of conquering India. In his youth, Babur had read and heard about the triumphal procession of his ancestor Temur to India. At that time Babur himself was planning to conquer the fertile fields, rich nature and vast plains of India. However, he could not fully state the reason why Babur put his family and his army in danger of occupying the territory of North India. Despite the fact that royal power was in the blood of Babur, he was more commonly known as a "born traveler" and his character determined his fate.
Babur's
first attempts in conquering India were
in convenient time. Indian army was very weak and uncoordinated, Babur’s soldiers, on the other
hand, were very strong and well
prepared. Babur could defeat Indian king
of that time, Ibrahim Lodi’s
100,000-strong army with his army of only 12,000, as Zahiriddin’s men were well-trained and had a
large number of artillery. Thus, on
April 22, 1526, Babur’s name was
declared as a king of Dehli in the mosque.
Now that the Afghan rule in India was over and the Mongol rule began.
III.
Actions as a great ruler.
Zahiriddin
Muhammad, who ruled Kabul from
1504-1526, established a centralized, strong state. He did extensive work on improving the country.
He ordered to build big markets. It
boosted both domestic and foreign trade.
The release of new canals was a major
factor in the regulation of dams. “Tiger”
expanded the cultivated area, created new parks. He built monuments based on oriental
architectural traditions. As a result,
this contributed to the spiritual and
economic value of the people.
A
brilliant era began in India with the entrance
of Zahiriddin to this land. Indian land reached its peak of development under the rule of Moghuls. It
is clear from these thoughts that the
Indian writer had a positive view of the
activities of Babur and his descendants
in India. Under their rule the land of India
flourished in different spheres of science.
Babur
served as king of India for less than 5
years, but his system of government during this period is seen as a period of strong energy, quick
decisions, and agility, just like in his
military campaigns. After taking the
throne of Delhi, the common people
rebelled against the rule of Zahiriddin because they preferred a tyrant to a foreign king. Babur’s
own people also offered to go back
saying that the hot climate of India had
a negative effect on their health, but
the great king came out to them and gave a speech and said that he came to India to stay for a
lifetime, nothing but death can separate
from this kingdom and his speech lifted
the spirits of all.
He restored Agra as the capital of his state and was able to turn it into a city of beautiful gardens with large palaces, baths, wells, and waterways; Zahiriddin ordered the renovation of mosques and other buildings there and introduced a high-speed mail system between Kabul and Agra. Babur divided his kingdom among his soldiers. Professor Rushbrook-Williams left the following fair opinion about Zahiriddin's ruling system: ”Babur could inherit the country which could be united only with the help of monarchy. His Imperia possessed very weak politics”. It is important to remember that Babur did not have enough time to introduce new laws and regulations in the country. If he had lived longer, he would have proved his abilities as a great manager. It is clear from these views that while many foreigners, especially the people of India, regarded Babur as a great commander because of his many military achievements, they did not regard him as a great king and leader.
The
Mongol Imperialism, a period rich in new
ideas, was able to create good conditions for the flourishing of art and the development of
literature. During two centuries of
rule, the Mongol Empire became a real
Heaven for poets and writers, historians
and artists, philosophers, musicians and dancers, engineers and architects.
S.
Lane-Poole described Babur’s achievements
as follows: “When he came to India, the way for the Imperial State was opened in the country, and
his place in the field of literature is
significant with his travels, his
wonderful book “Memories”. In Persian
and Latin, Babur was a great poet, and in Turkish, he had his own style in poetry and prose. When
we look at history, it is difficult to
find a prince who is higher position
than Babur in terms of genius and mastery of
a complex path of destiny”.
Babur
ascended the throne of Delhi in 1526, but
he was a stranger to India and always continued to feel that way. He came from the north, from
Central Asia, which flourished under the
influence of the Timurid Renaissance,
and where the influence of Iranian art
and culture was strong. He has always longed for a friendly community in Baghdad and Iran, and
for pleasant conversations. Babur missed
the snow and glaciers of the northern
peaks, the flowers and fruits of
Fergana. He described India as a very good country, despite the inconveniences he faced
with.
Babur
died 4 years after his arrival in India, and
much of his time was spent in struggles and the relocation of the capital to Agra, where he
used the services of architects called
from Constantinople. At that time,
Constantinople was under the rule of Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent, and construction in this city was at a high level. Babur was
acquainted with a very small part of
India, but he believed that at that time
northern India was at a much lower cultural level. According to Babur, there was no shortage of
skilled workers and art critics in
India. But they lacked the ability to
make mechanical discoveries.
Even
when Babur came to northern India, the
southern city of Vijayanagar is said to have been home to many works of art and culture by many
European tourists. However, there was a
cultural decline in northern India. The
main reason for this was the large
number of casualties during the Afghan invasion. Under the rule of the Mongols, who had a
higher standard of living and culture
than the Afghans, many changes took
place in India, which brought the
aristocratic lifestyle to this country.
Babur
was a handsome man, a true Renaissance
prince. He was a brave man, a traveler, a true lover of art, literature and good living conditions.
(J.Nehru)
On December 26, 1530, the great king and commander Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, the incomparable writer and poet, passed away this world forever. He himself bequeathed his burial at the “Aram Bagh” garden in Kabul.
IV.Literary
activity as a writer and poet.
First
and foremost, while describing Zahiriddin
as a writer, we must mention about the "Baburnama" written by him throughout his life, which is
the autobiographical work of the great
leader containing life story. By
collecting all his lyrical poetry,
Zahiriddin created the "Kabul devon" in 1519, and the "Indian devon" in 1528-1529. The
total number of poems created by the
great poet is 400, 119 of them are in
the ghazal genre and 231 in the rubai genre. He
also co-authored the book “Mubayyin-i-Zakot”, written in 1522 which includes tax rate that
what amount of taxes should be collected
according to the level of
population.
Being
a well-versed linguist, Zahiriddin created
the book “Mukhtasar” dedicated to the science of “Aruz” in 1523-1526, and it now serves
linguists as a great source in
linguistics. Babur, who was also interested
in translation, translated the Hodja Ahror’s
"Volidia" from Persian into Turkish.
In
addition, there is information that Babur wrote
books such as "Harb ishi" in order to share his knowledge, skills in the military field and
"Musika ilmi" to contribute to
the development of music.
References:
1.
Bobur, Z.M. (1989). Boburnoma. Toshkent.
2. Qodirov, P. (2006). Yulduzli tunlar. (p.543). Toshkent.
3.
Kenja, Q. (2000). Hind sorig’a. (p.352).
Toshkent.
4.
Mashrabov, Z., & Shokarimov, S. (1997).
Asrlarni bo’ylagan Bobur. (p.176). Toshkent. 5. Khayrullayeva, K.R. (2020). Interpretation
of Zahiriddin Muhamad Babur’s image in
Uzbek and world literature. EPRA
International Journal of Research and
Development. Volume 5, Issue 5, May,
2020.
6.
Beveridge, A.S. (1970). Babur-Nama. (Memoirs
of Babur) Translation, Taj Offset Press.
(p.1040). New Delhi.
7.
Grenard, F. (1931). Baber first of the Moghuls.
Thornton Butterworth Limited, (p.272). London. 8. Lamb, H. (1961). Babur The Tiger: First of
the great Moguls. Doubleday and company
inc, (p.351). New York.
V.
Achievements in art, architecture and gardening.
Babur
was a great art lover. Architecture, poetry,
painting, music, gardening, and the art of decorating books with various paintings reached to the
peak of its flourishment under his rule.
His interests were so strong that even
in the heyday of his reign he could find
time to engage in the arts. When he arrived in
India, he did not like the buildings of Delhi and Agra, but he was amazed by the architecture of
Gwalior. However, only one mosque in
Panipat and the Jome Mosque in Sambhal which
were built during his rule have survived
till now.
VI.Conclusion.
In
summing up, when we look through the
human history, we can be sure that numerous kings, commanders, rulers; writers, poets; artists,
painters; architects had an invaluable
role in forming today’s view of the
world. However, the person who collected
all abovementioned features in his priceless mind was Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur. In this article
we attempted to research on a number of
literary works, articles written by representatives
of Uzbek and world literature. After the
analysis, we came into conclusion that
different authors had various thoughts about
activities of Babur. Both positive and negative opinions about Zahiriddin’s military actions,
policy, literary and artistic activity
are included in their books.
9.
Nehru, J. (1985). The discovery of India.
(pp.237-257). New York: Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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Edwardes, S.M. (1926). Babur: diarist and
despot. (p.162). London: A.M.Philpot LTD, Great Britain.
11.
Jaffar, S.M. (1936). The Mughal Empire from
Babar to Aurangzeb. Ripon printing press, (pp.9- 32). Peshawar.
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