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Name           : Siti Aisyah Rasdei

Question      : Critical account of Qutbuddin Aibak as a Lieutenant of Shihabuddin Muhammad Gauri and the founder of Delhi Sultanate.

 

 

His Childhood

Qutbuddin Aibak was born in an area of Central Asia and originated from a Turkish parent. During his childhood, he was captured and sold as a ghulam (slave). After that, he was bought by the chief Qazi of Nishapur, Qazi Fakhruddin. Fortunately, he was treated with a well treatment by the Qazi by giving him suffice education for him such as training in Archery and horsemanship. Apart from those skill taught, he was also learn Arabic and Persian language. However, all the comfort stop when the Qazi demise. The jealous son had sold him merchant who brought him to Ghaznin and again he was bought by the ruler of Ghor in north western Afghanistan, Sultan Muhammad Ghauri. Until this point, his Excellency exposed more when he had join Sultan in many expedition. Clearly he was endowed with admirable qualities and impression that will attract people to him through his courageous and generousity that later on had put him on the rank as a commander of the army of his master. Besides, he also had been appointed as master of the stables (Amir-i-Akhur).

Qutbuddin Aibak as Lieutenant

The leadership of Qutbuddin had started after Sultan Shihabuddin had taken over Delhi in the year of 1191 and had force the Rae to pay tribute in future. Qutbuddin was elevated as the Liutenant in the year of 1192 and Sultan had entrusted him both of government of Khuram and Samanah. He was very brilliant leader as had first strengthen his position through diplomatic alliances by married with the daughter of Tajuddin Yildoz and also had married his sister to Nasiruddin Qubaccha. Started from that he had make his move to conquer neighboring areas and the first was Kuram to Meerat and has success in controlling the fort in the year of 1192. Bulk of people had embraces Islam. He then rushed to Ranthambor in the same year to fight against revolt of Han Raja, brother of late Rae Pithora. But before that, in the year 1191, he had laid foundation of Quwwatul Mosque in Delhi.

 In the year 1194, many events happen that had shown the fierceness of Qutbuddin, the first one is that he had he had crushed rebellion in Ajmer and in the same year had help Sultan in defeating Rae Jay Chand of Benares in the Battle of Chandwar. Rae Jay Chand had killed in the battle had left big amount of booty including 300 elephant and also has success in conquering the border of Bengal. In the same year, another king that is Hari Raja had marched on Ajmer and defeated Kolah son of Rae Pithora and had driven him away to Rathambor. Under the command of Raja’s lieutenant, lieutenant Jhet Rai, they had started to plunder Delhi. However, through a fierce battle, Qutbuddin able to captured back the fort and appointed himself as the governor. The next expedition was included the invasion of Thankir and Gwalior. But before that, in the year of 1195, he had first make his move to Narhwalah and Jitwan and later to Thankir and captured Rae Kuwar Pal already begged for safety. Through generosity of Sultan, he was granted peace and pardoned him. Expedition to Gwalior also had met success by invaded the fort. Rae Solankhpala had sought for peace and promise to pay tribute.

Later on the other year, Qutbuddin had received news that revolt had occurred in Ajmer where they had asked the neighboring chief to fight against Muslims. The horse had wounded badly and caused him to return to Ajmer. After that he had sent a message to Sultan to inform the real condition and without further delay, Sultan Shihabuddin had sent strong forces under several veteran Amirs to Ajmer however, the Hindus force had retreat before the arrives of the Amirs. In 1196, Qutbuddin had started to march toward Nahrwalah and unfortunately the enemy had abandoned the fort of Pati and Nadul, under the leadership of Rai Karan and Dharararsha, they had set up their foothold at mount Abu where the Muslim army did not dare to attack. However, on February 1196, the enemy had lost in a fierce battle and left big amount of booty.

Bulk of series of battles had occurred under the command of Qutbuddin and among them was the conquest of Badaun in the year 1197. Badaun was one of the richest cities in Hindustan. Qutbuddin had commanded one of his lieutenants that are Ikhtiyar-ud-din and manage to conquer Bihar and part of Bengal. Apart from the conquest of Badaun, he also had punished Bhimdev of Gujerat when Bhimdev had plundered his capital and came back to Delhi through Hansi. In the next year, he also had success in the expedition in Qannaui and manages to capture the province of Siruhi. Later in 1199, he had captured Malwa and the neighboring area. Area of Gwalior was finally fallen to the hand of Qutbuddin in the year 1200 after several attempt made.

Qutbuddin and Shamsuddin Iltutmish had combined their forces in expedition against Kalinjar in the year 1202. Paramardideva Rae of Kalinjar had offer resistance but stop at fort and Qutbuddin had started the siege. Rae had submitted to Qutbuddin and agreed to pay tribute regularly however died before fulfill his promise. Another challenge appeared as the Rae of Diwan had refused to honor the agreement and had called upon to fight. Not long after that, they had surrendered themselves to Qutbuddin officers and the Muslims again had captured large amount of booty including men and elephants. In 1203, he had captured Mahoba and gave it to Hazbruddin Hasan Arni and he had return to Delhi through Badaun. Malik, Ikhtiyaruddin Muhd Bakhtiyah and Khalji had pay homage to the Sultan that had recognized them with great honor and return back to Delhi.

After the assassination of Sultan Shihabuddin, the situation had started to get serious and chaotic as Sultan Shihabuddin did not left any successor to succeed him. Shihabuddin had desired Qutbuddin to succeed him. Tajuddin Yildoz, government of Kirman had ascended the throne of Ghazni. The accession of Qutbuddin was supported by the citizen and he was elevated as Sultan formally on 24th June, 1206. The rise of Qutbuddin had caused jealousy of Tajuddin but Qutbuddin was supported by Sultan Mahmud and manage to succeed the throne.

Sultan Qutbuddin was the 1st Muslim who laid foundation of Muslim rule in India and the first Sultan that originated from slave pioneered of slave dynasty. He manages to make his name to be read in the khutba that was symbol of sovereignty of King and also had ascribed his name on the coin. Before the accession, he already possessed a very large territory included the whole of Northern India. After the accession, he had expanded the territory from Indus to Ganges and from Himalaya down to Vindhya Range. His charismatic and loving characteristic had made people trust him in managing the state. Not only that, he also was a very good model of great conqueror and good administrator. However, he died not long after that when fell down from his horse while playing polo game. He was buried in Lahore in the year 1210 and left the world without son and only one daughter.

Conclusion

          In short, Qutbuddin was one of the great leaders that able to attract people through his personalities. It was proved when he was a servant of merchant and had attracted Qazi to purchase him and after that was sold again to the Sultan as a slave. His journey did not stop there as he had had proved himself to be a very responsible person through position given by the sultan. His personalities accelerated more through many conquests joined by him and won majority of the battles. Sultan Shihabuddin able to see the abilities of Qutbuddin and had desires to elevate him as the next successor. Although had received a little challenge he had able to gain support from the citizen and Sultan Mahmud, he had got full power to become Sultan and became the founder of Muslim Dynasty in India. It is undeniable that Qutbuddin was a very justice and loving Sultan that had flourished the dynasty through the establishment of the slave dynasty. Although he could not able to enjoy his successes in long period of time, he had left a big achievement the history of India. 

 

 

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