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DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE MUGHAL DYNASTY IN INDIA

Ulfiyani Mungasiroh & Kholid Mawardi

UIN Professor Kiai Haji Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto 

ulfiyanimungasiroh21@gmail.com ; kholidmawardi23 @gmail.com

 

Abstract

Dynasties in Islamic history often show that many areas lived and developed under the leadership of a  king. Thus in Islamic political life various monarchical governments are justified in part because there  appears to be an heir to the throne. Of course, like countries, Islamic dynasties experienced several  triumphs and experienced declines and even collapse after enjoying extraordinary fame. For example,  the Mughal dynasty only lasted about 332 years before falling to the British. The type of research used  is library research or literature study where researchers rely on various literature to obtain research  data and use a qualitative approach because the data produced is in the form of words or descriptions.  The development of science and technology during the Mughal dynasty in India did not enjoy the same  prestige as previous Islamic dynasties, but the science and technology recorded in the history of the  Mughal dynasty was quite advanced, this can be seen from the Mughal legacy. A dynasty arose.  Regarding internal factors, such as the emergence of weak rulers, the occurrence of power struggles  between royal successors, and weak control of power. External factors were rebellions everywhere and  the expansion of British colonialism into India.The collapse of the Mughal dynasty in India was  caused by two factors. The first is internal factors, such as the emergence of weak rulers, the occurrence  of power struggles between royal descendants, and weak control of power. Both are external factors,  such as the occurrence of rebellions everywhere and the colonization that was about to be carried out by  the British to India

Keywords : Development, Science , Mughal Dynasty, In India

INTRODUCTION

Dynasties in Islamic history often show that many areas lived and developed under  the leadership of a king. Thus in Islamic political life various monarchical governments are  justified in part because there appears to be an heir to the throne (Syafi’i, 2019). Of course,  like countries, Islamic dynasties experienced several triumphs and experienced declines and even collapse after enjoying extraordinary fame. For example, the Mughal dynasty only  lasted about 332 years before falling to the British. This description shows that the role of  historical actors determines the ups and downs of power. In a sense, the portrait of a  nation is determined by who stands behind it. If the decision makers are intelligent people  with high religious and moral piety, it is certain that this nation will experience significant  progress. But on the contrary, if it is carried out by people who seek power away from  religious morality, especially if the leader is a person who is not intelligent, then it is certain  that the nation will experience stagnation in development. Of course since the Mughal rule  in India has produced many scientific advances that support the continuity of its existence. 

Science consists of two characters that cannot be separated. Science is a source of  technology that enables the emergence of various inventions and technical ideas.  Technology is the application or application of science that can be shown as a more  advanced concrete result and can motivate people to develop even more. Without science  and technology, it is difficult to create a civilization, and beyond that there are civilizations  that have been recorded in history to this day. Therefore, this article reviews the history of  the Mughal dynasty in India and the development of science. One of the kingdoms or  Islamic dynasties that once ruled during the decline of the Islamic world (Fatihunnada,  2017).

METHODS

The type of research used is library research or literature study where researchers  rely on various literature to obtain research data and use a qualitative approach because the  data produced is in the form of words or descriptions. Library research or literature  research is research where the place of study is literature or literature. In this study,  research was conducted by utilizing studies which were similar or related. The research  method used is a qualitative research method. MethodQualitative research is research that  holistically intends to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by the research  subject, be it behavior, perception, motivation or action, and descriptively in the form of  words and language, in a special natural context and by utilizing various methods. natural.".  Library research or literature study has several characteristics, namely: Researchers deal  directly with data not directly from the field, library data is generally a secondary source and  not original data from first hand, library data is not limited by space and time. According to Amir, this opinion is correct, but not fully acceptable when viewed from the research  objectives.

RESULTS

1. History Of The Establishment Of The Mughal Dynasty In India

The word Mughal or Moghul comes from Mogul, the name of the dynasty  ruled by Central Asian kings, descendants of Timur Lenk, a Turko-Mongolian who  lived in Kesh (now Syahr-i-Sabz) in Transoxania (Turkey). ) in 1336. He is considered  a very brave and fanatical Muslim. The Mughal dynasty was the youngest major  Muslim empire that ever existed, a quarter of a century after the Safavid dynasty. The  Mughal dynasty in India was founded by Zahiruddin Babur, a Turkic descendant of  Chagathay. His father, named Umar Mizra or Umar Sheikh Abi Said, became the ruler  of the small Timurid sultanate in Central Asia, namely Farghana. Though his mother  came from the descendants of Genghis Khan. This dynasty is the successor of the  Mongols. His descendants include Timur Lenk, a descendant of Genghis Khan, who  converted to Islam and ruled Central Asia in the 15th century. Tamerlane first invaded  India in 1398. However, he had no ambitions to rule the country. The actual conquest  of India was only achieved by Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, one of Tamerlane's  successors (Alwi, 2016).

However, before the Mughal dynasty came to power in India, the arrival of  Islam in India was divided into three historical periods, namely the Classical Period,  the Medieval Period, and the Modern Period. Islamic rule first appeared in India  during the classical period, namely during the Umayyads under the reign of Caliph  Walid bin Abdul Malik from 705 to 715 AD Three important Islamic dynasties  emerged during this period, namely the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey, the Safavid  dynasty in Iran and the Mughal dynasty in India. The Mughal dynasty was the youngest  of the three dynasties which existed a quarter of a century after the founding of the  Safavid dynasty in Iran. The Mughal dynasty gave a new impetus to the history of the  Islamic ummah at a time when the entire Islamic world was in decline. The Mughal  dynasty surprised other nations, others were reluctant because of the courage and  persistence of the sultans who founded Islamic dynasties in the east of the world. The  Mughal dynasty was a Muslim dynasty in the Indian subcontinent whose capital was  Delhi. The Mughal dynasty is one of the legacies of Islamic civilization in India. The  foundation of this dynasty became the motivation for reviving ancient civilizations in  the Indian subcontinent that were nearly extinct and lost. India is a place or region for  the growth and development of Hinduism, therefore the emergence of Islamic  dynasties in India caused the downfall of the long-established Hindu civilization.

With the advent of Islam, trade relations between India and Arabia continued.  Finally, India is slowly coming into contact with Islam. India, which was once civilized  by Hindus, has now become richer in civilization under the influence of Islam. Islam  entered India in the 7th century AD. It is thought this was done through trade. In  historical records there are 871 Arabs who settled in India. This shows that Indian  society knew Islam before the founding of the Mughal dynasty. As history shows, the  Mughal dynasty was not the first Muslim dynasty in India. But before that there were  several dynasties and efforts to fight for Islam. The Mughal dynasty was a continuation  of the Delhi Sultanate which ruled there. The Mughal dynasty was also the last Islamic  empire in India until it was overthrown by British imperialism that ruled there (Sandi, 2017).

2. The Ruler Of The Mughal Dynasty In India

a. Sultan Zahiruddin Babur (1526-1530 AD)

Babur's full name is Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur. Genealogically,  Babur is the paternal grandson of Timur Lenk and the maternal descendant of  Genghis Khan. His father Umar Mirza was the governor of Fergana. Babur's  reign was marked by two major problems, namely the emergence of Hindu  kingdoms that tried to break away from Islamic rule. They revolted between  1526 and 1527 AD and a Muslim ruler emerged who recognized his authority in  Afghanistan and remained loyal to the Islamic State. Lodi family. However,  Babur was able to solve all these problems. At that time, Babur was very  ambitious and determined to conquer

Samarkand developed into an important city in Central Asia today. At  first he suffered defeat, but thanks to the help of the Safavid daula sultan Ismail  I, he finally managed to take Samarkand. Babur also succeeded in occupying  Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan. After conquering Kabul, Babur continued his  expansion into India. At that time the ruler of India, Ibrahim Lodi, was experiencing a crisis, so that the stability of the government became chaotic  through Alam Khan, his uncle. Ibrahim Lodi along with Daulat Khan, the  governor of Lahore, sent envoys to Kabul to ask for Babur's help in  overthrowing Ibrahim's government in Delhi.

b. Humayun (1530-1540 AD and 1555-1556 AD)

Babur was succeeded by his eldest son Humayun whose full name was  Naseeruddin Humayun. Her name means "Lucky". Humayun was a man of  peace, he was a man of quality, but he couldn't adjust to things around him.  Moreover, he is a magnanimous, kind, and forgiving king. At the beginning of  his reign, Humayun faced problems because of his brothers who claimed to have  the right to rule. In his will, Babur ordered Humayun to be kind to his brothers.  Humayun treats his brothers well, but they take advantage of Humayun's  kindness. Kamran wants to form a government in Kabul. After Babur's death,  Kamran invaded and took control of Punjab. Out of kindness to his brother,  Humayun blessed Kamran's occupation of Punjab (Syafi”i, 2019).

c. Akbar Khan (1556-1605M)

Sultan Akbar held the reins of the Mughal Daula for a long time (1556- 1605 AD). During his time, the Mughal Daula reached the height of his fame  when all the lands liberated under Sultan Humayun were conquered. The forces  of Hemu (a Hindu minister) under Sher Khan Shah managed to defeat his troops  in the Battle of Panipat II on 5 November 1556 AD.

After the death of Humayun, the throne of the Mughal dynasty was  occupied by his son Akbar. He has the title Sultan Abdul Fath Jalaluddin Akbar  Khan. His reign is seen as the rise and glory of the Mughals as the major Islamic  dynasty in India. Akbar was a brave man, hot-tempered, loved war, hunting and  archery. In his childhood he prioritized hunting before learning, which is why  throughout his life he could neither read nor write. However, he imitated the  character of his grandfather and father who liked to listen to people studying.  Akbar wanted to contribute to the development of literature and science (Amin,  1999). When he ascended the throne of this kingdom, Akbar was only 14 years  old, so all government affairs were entrusted to Bairam Khan, a close friend of  his father who was a Shia. Early in his reign, Akbar faced rebellions left by the descendants of Sher Khan Shah who continued to rule in Punjab. The rebellion  that most threatened Akbar's rule was that of the Himu who ruled over Gwalior  and Agra. The rebels are trying to enter the city of Delhi. Bairam Khan  welcomed the arrival of the army and thus in 1556 there was a terrible war called  Panipat II. Himu was beaten, imprisoned, and then executed. Thus, Agra and  Gwalior can be completely controlled.

d. Jehangir (1605-1627 M)

Akbar's successor was his son Jehangir. Jehangir's reign lasted about 23  years. He is a follower of ahl al-sunnah wa al jama'ah, so the din-i-Ilahi founded  by his father has lost its influence. Jehangir's reign was also marked by the  Unquenchable Amber Rebellion. Riots also broke out in the palace led by  Kurram, his own son. With the help of Commander-in-Chief Muhabbat Khar,  Kurram catches Jehangir and holds him prisoner. Thanks to the empress' efforts,  this enmity between father and son was suppressed. During his reign, Jehangir  succeeded in conquering Bengal, Mewar and Kangra. His efforts to secure  territory and his conquests underscored the statesmanship he inherited from his  father, Akbar.

e. Shah Jehan (1627-1658 AD)

Shah Jehan appears to replace Jehangir's government. Shah Jehan was an  educated man, gifted for leadership and possessed an intellectual and artistic  spirit. During his reign, the seeds of decay began to sprout. This was also a test  of Mughal tolerance. Two rebellions broke out during his reign. In the first year  of his reign, Raja Jujhar Singh Bundela tried to rebel and provoke security but  was defeated. Raja Jujhar Singh Bundela was then expelled. The most violent  rebellion came from Pir Lodi or Khan Jahan of Afghanistan, the governors of  the southern provinces. This rebellion was quite difficult.

However in 1631 AD this rebellion was crushed and Khan Jahan was  executed. In general, during the time of Shah Jehan, especially towards the end  of his reign, his two sons, Darshikuh and Aurangzeb, followed two general lines.  Darshikuh was more universal in his thinking, that is, he used Hindu laws which  were not found in the Qur'an, compared to the results of the ijtihad of the  scholars at that time. At the same time, Aurangzeb put more emphasis on Islamic traditions (sharia, traditional values). And finally Aurangzeb killed  Darsyikuh. Shah Jehan died in 1657 after a serious illness.

f. Aurangzeb/ Alamghir I (1658-1707 M)

Aurangzeb's name was Alamghir Padshah Ghazi. He was a brave and  wise ruler whose prowess equaled that of his predecessor Akbar. The system  used by Aurangzeb is very different from its predecessors. Many policies initiated  by previous sultans were changed, especially relations with Hindus. Aurangzeb  was the first Mughal ruler to reverse the policy of reconciliation with Hindus. His  policy of 1659 AD prohibited alcohol, gambling, prostitution and drug use. In  1664 AD he also issued a regulation stating that women should not be forced to  do satidah, namely. the burning of a widow whose husband died without her  consent. In 1668 AD Aurangzeb also banned musical performances in the  palace, imposed a voting tax on non-Muslims, ie. The law is known as Fatwa-I,  Alamgiri.

Aurangzeb's actions above angered the Hindus. This then led to an  uprising at the time. However, because Aurangzeb was so powerful, the rebellion  was put down. The biggest rebellion came from the Maratha empire which was  led by its own king, Shivaji Punsala. The Pathans and Afridis also rebelled  because they were disappointed with the policies of the Aurangzeb government.  Jaswant Singh also rebelled during the Battle of Kara. Meanwhile, the Rajput  leader Durgades also revolts by leading a guerrilla. But his attempt failed because  the Mughal army attack was too strong. Although the rebellion was successfully  suppressed, it was not completely over. Like a fire in a shell, the spirit of  resistance among Hindus is still burning. This was proven when Aurangzeb died  in 1707 AD. Many provinces far from the center of the empire were separated  from each other.

g. Post-Aurangzeb Government

After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the Mughal Empire was ruled  by a weak generation. Prior to 1858 AD the Mughal sultans could no longer  control a large enough area and local Hindu power was highly dynamic apart  from murderous conflicts over power. The successor sultan of Aurangzeb,  namely: Bahadur Shah (1707-1712 AD), Azimusyah (1712-1713 AD), Farukh Siyar (1713-1719 AD), Muhammad Shah (1719-1748 AD), Ahmad Shah (1748- 1754 AD), Alamghir II (1754-1711M) ), Shah Alam (1761-1806 AD), Akbar II  (1806-1837 AD) and Bahadur Shah II (1837-1858 AD). Towards 1858 AD,  when the Mughal sultans were no longer able to control a large enough area and  the local power of the Hindus was very dynamic, also due to deadly conflicts in  the struggle for power. In that same year, the British, with the help of the Hindu  kings, managed to break their resistance against the British.

DISCUSSION

1. Development Of Science In The Mughal Dynasty In India

During the Mughal Dynasty, science in Muslim areas such as Baghdad,  Andalusia, etc. did not develop as before. A more important aspect of the Mughal  dynasty was its advances in poetry and architecture. A famous poet is Malik  Muhammad Jayazi, a Sufi writer. Regarding Malik Muhammad Jayaz's work, the  teachings on human virtues are expressed in Pad-Mavati. Apart from the  historiography which is well known today, there are historical works of the Mughal  dynasty based on its leader, Akhbar Namah, written by Abu Fadl. Meanwhile, in the  field of architecture, the Mughal Dynasty left an extraordinary and very beautiful  historical testimony, namely the Fatpur Sikri Palace in Sikri, a villa built during the  reign of Akbar. However, this does not mean that science has no place. This can be  seen from some of the legacies of the Mughal dynasty. The education sector has also  received government attention. During Akbar's reign, the field of linguistics was  divided into three developing national languages: Arabic as the language of religion,  Turkish as the language of the nobility, and Persian as the language of the court and  literature. Apart from that, Akbar also changed the three languages that were added to  Hindi into one, thus creating a new language for his reign, namely Urdu. Apart from  that, science also developed in the field of philosophy, and King Akbar himself was  mentioned as one of the philosophical figures of that time. It should be noted the  change in the field of religion, which was first developed by the Sufis and gradually  established educational institutions which later produced famous thinkers and  educators from India (Agustina, 2020).

In addition, other contributions in the field of science are the many scientists  who come to India to study natural sciences and even the Mughal Palace became the  center of cultural activities. This was because of the support from the ruler as well as  the nobility and clergy. Aurangzeb's son, Sheikh Jehan, known for his steadfastness in  the Sunni religious field, donated a large sum of money and land to set up an  educational center in Lucknow. A college was founded in Delhi during the time of  Shah Jehan. This number increased when Aurangzeb ruled the government. In the  field of religious knowledge, Islamic law was successfully codified, known as the  Fatwa-i-Alamgiri (Harjoni, 2016).

Administratively, the Mughal government consisted of central, provincial  (subah), district (sarkar) and sub-district (perganah) powers. Central power is power  that is held absolutely by a king who is commonly calledPadsyah. Padsyahwas the  absolute ruler in the Mughal dynasty in India.Padsyahcomes from Persian:padmeans  absolute power. Therefore,padsyahwas an absolute ruler who could not be replaced by  anyone as long as he lived. The Mughal dynasty had a central power system controlled  by a king from his center in Delhi. The laws or regulations enforced by kings varied  according to the wishes of the king. Babur and Humayun, for example, ruled  according to Islamic law.

Science in the economic field of the Mughal Dynasty government received  attention. This is to support the economic problems of the dynasty. The agricultural  sector is one of the sectors in the developed economic system in addition to mining  and trade, but the main source of royal finances relies more on the agricultural sector.  In this case the government of the Mughal dynasty formed a local government system  that was used to collect agricultural produce and protect farmers. The smallest area is  called deh and some of the deh are joined in Pargana (Kawedanan farmers). Each  peasant pargana was headed by a local official, who was namedintroorpatel, the  position he has can be inherited, is responsible to his superiors to deposit income and  prevent crime. protected by the right to own land and the right to inherit it, but they  are also bound by it. Meanwhile, in the field of trade and processing, the agricultural  industry began to develop. During Akbar's reign trade concessions were granted to  The British East India Company (EIC) The British-Indian East Company to carry on  trading business in India since 1600. They exported Indian cotton and silk foam, silk raw materials, saltpeter, indigo and spices and imported silver and other metals in large  quantities.

Administratively, the Mughal government consisted of a center, provinces  (subah), districts (sarkar), and subdivisions (perganah). The central government is a  government led by a king who is often called padsyah. The Padshah was the absolute  ruler of the Mughal dynasty in India. Padsyah is of Persian origin: Pad means absolute  strength. Padsyah is thus an absolute ruler who cannot be replaced by anyone during  his lifetime. The Mughal dynasty had a centralized system of power ruled by a Delhi based king. The laws or ordinances of the king varied from country to country. king's  wish. For example, Babur and Humayun ruled under Islamic law.

While Sultan Akbar created Din-Illah. Meanwhile Jahangir, Shah Jehan and  Aurangzeb Alamgir ruled based on Islamic law. However, the various laws enacted did  not imply any restrictions on the powers of the king. Other orders were also made,  namely institutions, and for each there was a person in charge, namely the governor  assisted by the deputy governor, paying soldiers and laborers, army commander, police  chief, prosecutor, religious leader, treasurer, tax collector, inspector or Muhtasibamil  and Events Secretary or Reporting, Prosecutor of the Supreme Court of the Region,  consisting of: District Prosecutor's Court, District Civil Service High Court and  District Religious Court. Its implementation should be divided into several sub sectors. From the administrative structure above and the system used in the Mughal  dynasty, it can be concluded that the government was quite well organized. This is  proof that administrative training took place in this dynasty. In fact, many opinions  state that the system of government used or implemented during the Mughal dynasty  was a continuation of the previous Delhi government, which at that time was very  thick with the notion of religious pluralism. Knowledge of the military and politics also  developed from this administrative structure and administrative system. The army of  the famous Mughal Dynasty was solid and very strong, so the Mughal Empire was a  first-class military empire in the new era (Rusdy, 2018).

The most striking feature in the field of construction and architecture is the  use of marble which appears as a blend of colors. The most impressive legacy is the  Tajmahal in Agra. One of the wonders of the world, this palace was built by Shah  Jehan specifically for the tomb of his beloved empress. Other buildings with the same motif are the Great Mosque of Delhi and the Palace in Lahore. Because of these two  advances, we can also see together that science and technology are advancing, which is  reflected in the beauty of the architecture of the buildings after the Mughal Dynasty  (Gumilar, 2017).

This Indian civilization influenced the course of human history. They invented  numbers that count up to nine, mastered trigonometry very well, using half factors,  managed to determine the surface area of the earth, as they are also called in medicine,  mathematics and astronomy. Regardless of what Indian civilization achieved in  splendor and creation, from the 6th century BC. a strange and shocking law that  destroys everything, especially religion, morality and society. This is caused by different  things. After the end of the Delhi Sultanate in India, the Mughol dynasty in India  entered. The Mughal dynasty was an Islamic empire in India. The Mughol dynasty's  contribution to architecture and science. Beautiful works appeared in India during the  reign of Islam. Its ruler loves beauty. Buildings such as the Jama Masjid in Delhi,  Jahangir Tomb and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore and the Taj Mahal in Agra are  beautiful and magnificent buildings which are still visited by tourists from various  countries (Hasibuan, 2022).

2. The Decline And Collapse Of The Mughal Dynasty In India

After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal dynasty slowly declined, and Aurangzeb's  policy of implementing puritanical ideas that were so "hard" against non-Muslims,  especially Hindus, created hatred among Hindus, made interreligious conflicts difficult  to overcome and led to them. to oppose the Muslim rule of the Indian Mughal  dynasty, which the sultans after Aurangzeb could not resist (Dahlan, 2021).

The ongoing power struggles between royal relatives led to a weakening of  royal power, causing local governments to lose allegiance to the central government  and even seek to strengthen their governmental positions. This could pose a threat to  the continued rule of the Mughals themselves. The expansion was carried out by the  Asyfar tribe under the leadership of Nadir Shah, who had previously succeeded in  expelling the Shafavi powers from Iran. As a result of this expansion, Muhammad  Shah was unable to survive and demanded submission to the government of Nadir  Shah. In addition, the development of military power stalled, so that the Mughal Navy  could not immediately gain control of British operations in the coastal area.

So is the strength of the ground troops. In fact, they themselves were less  adept at using Mughal weapons. This is coupled with the decline and low morale as  well as the extravagant lifestyle of the political elite, causing the wasteful use of  government funds. The kings who ruled the royal government in the last half or all of  the heirs to the throne were people who were weak in the field of leadership, and kings  did not consider the possibility of elevating someone to a certain position. It weakens  the government. Officials were unable to fulfill their duties, so the control function of  the kingdom was also weakened. This situation undermined the loyalty of the soldiers  and even the local authorities (Syaefuddin, 2013). Collapse under the Mughals, which  led to the weakening of the empire, gave independence to the British, who were  initially interested in trade and then wanted to rule. Especially after England managed  to beat France. Later, slowly but surely, the British succeeded in gradually destroying  the Mughal realms and removing Mughal rule from India.

Several factors caused the power of the Mughal dynasty to decline and lead to  destruction, namely:

a. The development of military strength stalled, so that the Mughal navy could not  immediately control British military operations in the coastal area.

b. Moral depravity and luxurious life in the political elite, resulting in wasteful use of  public funds.

c. Aurangzeb's approach was too harsh in implementing his puritanical ideas and  ascetic tendencies, making inter-religious conflicts very difficult for subsequent  sultans to overcome.

d. All the heirs to the throne in the last phase were weak rulers and therefore could  not survive the domestic political downturn

e. It is. Many rebellions occurred due to the weakness of the Mughal royal leader  after Aurangzeb's leadership, so that many areas of the Mughal Empire were  seized.

f. Mughals. These rebellions included:

1) The Hindus led by Banda succeeded in conquering Sadhura in north Delhi  and also the city of Sirhind.

2) The Maratha group led by Baji Rao succeeded in conquering the Gujarat  region.

3) During the reign of Shah Alam, the Afghan forces led by Ahmad Khan  Durrani made several attacks. Shah Alam was defeated and the Mughals ruled  Afghanistan.

CONCLUSION

The seeds of the formation of the Mughal dynasty in India arose from the battles  that were waged by Tamerlane when he first invaded India in 1398. However, he had no  ambitions to rule the country. Only Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur managed to conquer  India and establish a real Mughal dynasty. There were several rulers of the Mughal dynasty  who were prominent and strong enough to maintain the continuity of the Mughal dynasty,  starting from Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, Nashirudin Humayun, Akbar Khan, Jahangir,  Shah Jehan and finally Aurangzeb / Alamghir.

The development of science and technology during the Mughal dynasty in India did  not enjoy the same prestige as previous Islamic dynasties, but the science and technology  recorded in the history of the Mughal dynasty was quite advanced, this can be seen from  the Mughal legacy. A dynasty arose. Regarding internal factors, such as the emergence of  weak rulers, the occurrence of power struggles between royal successors, and weak control  of power. External factors were rebellions everywhere and the expansion of British  colonialism into India.The collapse of the Mughal dynasty in India was caused by two  factors. The first is internal factors, such as the emergence of weak rulers, the occurrence  of power struggles between royal descendants, and weak control of power. Both are  external factors, such as the occurrence of rebellions everywhere and the colonization that  was about to be carried out by the British to India

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