Ulfiyani Mungasiroh & Kholid Mawardi
UIN
Professor Kiai Haji Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto
ulfiyanimungasiroh21@gmail.com
; kholidmawardi23 @gmail.com
Abstract
Dynasties in Islamic history often
show that many areas lived and developed under the leadership of a king. Thus in Islamic political life various
monarchical governments are justified in part because there appears to be an heir to the throne. Of
course, like countries, Islamic dynasties experienced several triumphs and experienced declines and even
collapse after enjoying extraordinary fame. For example, the Mughal dynasty only lasted about 332
years before falling to the British. The type of research used is library research or literature study where
researchers rely on various literature to obtain research data and use a qualitative approach because
the data produced is in the form of words or descriptions. The development of science and technology
during the Mughal dynasty in India did not enjoy the same prestige as previous Islamic dynasties, but
the science and technology recorded in the history of the Mughal dynasty was quite advanced, this can
be seen from the Mughal legacy. A dynasty arose. Regarding internal factors, such as the
emergence of weak rulers, the occurrence of power struggles between royal successors, and weak control of
power. External factors were rebellions everywhere and the expansion of British colonialism into
India.The collapse of the Mughal dynasty in India was caused by two factors. The first is internal
factors, such as the emergence of weak rulers, the occurrence of power struggles between royal descendants,
and weak control of power. Both are external factors, such as the occurrence of rebellions
everywhere and the colonization that was about to be carried out by the British to India
Keywords
:
Development, Science , Mughal Dynasty, In India
INTRODUCTION
Dynasties in Islamic history often show that many areas lived and developed under the leadership of a king. Thus in Islamic political life various monarchical governments are justified in part because there appears to be an heir to the throne (Syafi’i, 2019). Of course, like countries, Islamic dynasties experienced several triumphs and experienced declines and even collapse after enjoying extraordinary fame. For example, the Mughal dynasty only lasted about 332 years before falling to the British. This description shows that the role of historical actors determines the ups and downs of power. In a sense, the portrait of a nation is determined by who stands behind it. If the decision makers are intelligent people with high religious and moral piety, it is certain that this nation will experience significant progress. But on the contrary, if it is carried out by people who seek power away from religious morality, especially if the leader is a person who is not intelligent, then it is certain that the nation will experience stagnation in development. Of course since the Mughal rule in India has produced many scientific advances that support the continuity of its existence.
Science consists of two characters that cannot be
separated. Science is a source of
technology that enables the emergence of various inventions and
technical ideas. Technology is the
application or application of science that can be shown as a more advanced concrete result and can motivate
people to develop even more. Without science
and technology, it is difficult to create a civilization, and beyond
that there are civilizations that have
been recorded in history to this day. Therefore, this article reviews the
history of the Mughal dynasty in India
and the development of science. One of the kingdoms or Islamic dynasties that once ruled during the
decline of the Islamic world (Fatihunnada,
2017).
METHODS
The type of research used is library research or literature study where researchers rely on various literature to obtain research data and use a qualitative approach because the data produced is in the form of words or descriptions. Library research or literature research is research where the place of study is literature or literature. In this study, research was conducted by utilizing studies which were similar or related. The research method used is a qualitative research method. MethodQualitative research is research that holistically intends to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by the research subject, be it behavior, perception, motivation or action, and descriptively in the form of words and language, in a special natural context and by utilizing various methods. natural.". Library research or literature study has several characteristics, namely: Researchers deal directly with data not directly from the field, library data is generally a secondary source and not original data from first hand, library data is not limited by space and time. According to Amir, this opinion is correct, but not fully acceptable when viewed from the research objectives.
RESULTS
1. History Of The
Establishment Of The Mughal Dynasty In India
The word Mughal or Moghul comes from Mogul, the name of
the dynasty ruled by Central Asian
kings, descendants of Timur Lenk, a Turko-Mongolian who lived in Kesh (now Syahr-i-Sabz) in
Transoxania (Turkey). ) in 1336. He is considered a very brave and fanatical Muslim. The Mughal
dynasty was the youngest major Muslim
empire that ever existed, a quarter of a century after the Safavid dynasty.
The Mughal dynasty in India was founded
by Zahiruddin Babur, a Turkic descendant of
Chagathay. His father, named Umar Mizra or Umar Sheikh Abi Said, became
the ruler of the small Timurid sultanate
in Central Asia, namely Farghana. Though his mother came from the descendants of Genghis Khan.
This dynasty is the successor of the
Mongols. His descendants include Timur Lenk, a descendant of Genghis
Khan, who converted to Islam and ruled
Central Asia in the 15th century. Tamerlane first invaded India in 1398. However, he had no ambitions
to rule the country. The actual conquest
of India was only achieved by Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, one of
Tamerlane's successors (Alwi, 2016).
However, before the Mughal dynasty came to power in
India, the arrival of Islam in India was
divided into three historical periods, namely the Classical Period, the Medieval Period, and the Modern Period.
Islamic rule first appeared in India
during the classical period, namely during the Umayyads under the reign
of Caliph Walid bin Abdul Malik from 705
to 715 AD Three important Islamic dynasties
emerged during this period, namely the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey, the
Safavid dynasty in Iran and the Mughal
dynasty in India. The Mughal dynasty was the youngest of the three dynasties which existed a
quarter of a century after the founding of the
Safavid dynasty in Iran. The Mughal dynasty gave a new impetus to the
history of the Islamic ummah at a time
when the entire Islamic world was in decline. The Mughal dynasty surprised other nations, others were
reluctant because of the courage and
persistence of the sultans who founded Islamic dynasties in the east of
the world. The Mughal dynasty was a
Muslim dynasty in the Indian subcontinent whose capital was Delhi. The Mughal dynasty is one of the
legacies of Islamic civilization in India. The
foundation of this dynasty became the motivation for reviving ancient
civilizations in the Indian subcontinent
that were nearly extinct and lost. India is a place or region for the growth and development of Hinduism,
therefore the emergence of Islamic
dynasties in India caused the downfall of the long-established Hindu
civilization.
With the advent of Islam, trade relations between India
and Arabia continued. Finally, India is
slowly coming into contact with Islam. India, which was once civilized by Hindus, has now become richer in
civilization under the influence of Islam. Islam entered India in the 7th century AD. It is
thought this was done through trade. In
historical records there are 871 Arabs who settled in India. This shows
that Indian society knew Islam before
the founding of the Mughal dynasty. As history shows, the Mughal dynasty was not the first Muslim
dynasty in India. But before that there were
several dynasties and efforts to fight for Islam. The Mughal dynasty was
a continuation of the Delhi Sultanate
which ruled there. The Mughal dynasty was also the last Islamic empire in India until it was overthrown by
British imperialism that ruled there (Sandi, 2017).
2. The Ruler Of The Mughal
Dynasty In India
a. Sultan Zahiruddin Babur
(1526-1530 AD)
Babur's full name is Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.
Genealogically, Babur is the paternal
grandson of Timur Lenk and the maternal descendant of Genghis Khan. His father Umar Mirza was the
governor of Fergana. Babur's reign was
marked by two major problems, namely the emergence of Hindu kingdoms that tried to break away from
Islamic rule. They revolted between 1526
and 1527 AD and a Muslim ruler emerged who recognized his authority in Afghanistan and remained loyal to the Islamic
State. Lodi family. However, Babur was
able to solve all these problems. At that time, Babur was very ambitious and determined to conquer
Samarkand developed into an important city in Central
Asia today. At first he suffered defeat,
but thanks to the help of the Safavid daula sultan Ismail I, he finally managed to take Samarkand.
Babur also succeeded in occupying Kabul,
the capital of Afghanistan. After conquering Kabul, Babur continued his expansion into India. At that time the ruler
of India, Ibrahim Lodi, was experiencing a crisis, so that the stability of the
government became chaotic through Alam
Khan, his uncle. Ibrahim Lodi along with Daulat Khan, the governor of Lahore, sent envoys to Kabul to
ask for Babur's help in overthrowing
Ibrahim's government in Delhi.
b. Humayun (1530-1540 AD
and 1555-1556 AD)
Babur was succeeded by his eldest son Humayun whose full
name was Naseeruddin Humayun. Her name
means "Lucky". Humayun was a man of
peace, he was a man of quality, but he couldn't adjust to things around
him. Moreover, he is a magnanimous,
kind, and forgiving king. At the beginning of
his reign, Humayun faced problems because of his brothers who claimed to
have the right to rule. In his will,
Babur ordered Humayun to be kind to his brothers. Humayun treats his brothers well, but they
take advantage of Humayun's kindness.
Kamran wants to form a government in Kabul. After Babur's death, Kamran invaded and took control of Punjab.
Out of kindness to his brother, Humayun
blessed Kamran's occupation of Punjab (Syafi”i, 2019).
c. Akbar Khan (1556-1605M)
Sultan Akbar held the reins of the Mughal Daula for a
long time (1556- 1605 AD). During his time, the Mughal Daula reached the height
of his fame when all the lands liberated
under Sultan Humayun were conquered. The forces
of Hemu (a Hindu minister) under Sher Khan Shah managed to defeat his
troops in the Battle of Panipat II on 5
November 1556 AD.
After the death of Humayun, the throne of the Mughal
dynasty was occupied by his son Akbar.
He has the title Sultan Abdul Fath Jalaluddin Akbar Khan. His reign is seen as the rise and glory
of the Mughals as the major Islamic
dynasty in India. Akbar was a brave man, hot-tempered, loved war,
hunting and archery. In his childhood he
prioritized hunting before learning, which is why throughout his life he could neither read nor
write. However, he imitated the
character of his grandfather and father who liked to listen to people
studying. Akbar wanted to contribute to
the development of literature and science (Amin, 1999). When he ascended the throne of this
kingdom, Akbar was only 14 years old, so
all government affairs were entrusted to Bairam Khan, a close friend of his father who was a Shia. Early in his
reign, Akbar faced rebellions left by the descendants of Sher Khan Shah who
continued to rule in Punjab. The rebellion
that most threatened Akbar's rule was that of the Himu who ruled over
Gwalior and Agra. The rebels are trying
to enter the city of Delhi. Bairam Khan
welcomed the arrival of the army and thus in 1556 there was a terrible
war called Panipat II. Himu was beaten,
imprisoned, and then executed. Thus, Agra and
Gwalior can be completely controlled.
d. Jehangir (1605-1627 M)
Akbar's successor was his son Jehangir. Jehangir's reign
lasted about 23 years. He is a follower
of ahl al-sunnah wa al jama'ah, so the din-i-Ilahi founded by his father has lost its influence.
Jehangir's reign was also marked by the
Unquenchable Amber Rebellion. Riots also broke out in the palace led
by Kurram, his own son. With the help of
Commander-in-Chief Muhabbat Khar, Kurram
catches Jehangir and holds him prisoner. Thanks to the empress' efforts, this enmity between father and son was
suppressed. During his reign, Jehangir
succeeded in conquering Bengal, Mewar and Kangra. His efforts to
secure territory and his conquests
underscored the statesmanship he inherited from his father, Akbar.
e. Shah Jehan (1627-1658
AD)
Shah Jehan appears to replace Jehangir's government. Shah
Jehan was an educated man, gifted for
leadership and possessed an intellectual and artistic spirit. During his reign, the seeds of decay
began to sprout. This was also a test of
Mughal tolerance. Two rebellions broke out during his reign. In the first
year of his reign, Raja Jujhar Singh
Bundela tried to rebel and provoke security but
was defeated. Raja Jujhar Singh Bundela was then expelled. The most
violent rebellion came from Pir Lodi or
Khan Jahan of Afghanistan, the governors of
the southern provinces. This rebellion was quite difficult.
However in 1631 AD this rebellion was crushed and Khan
Jahan was executed. In general, during
the time of Shah Jehan, especially towards the end of his reign, his two sons, Darshikuh and
Aurangzeb, followed two general lines.
Darshikuh was more universal in his thinking, that is, he used Hindu
laws which were not found in the Qur'an,
compared to the results of the ijtihad of the
scholars at that time. At the same time, Aurangzeb put more emphasis on Islamic
traditions (sharia, traditional values). And finally Aurangzeb killed Darsyikuh. Shah Jehan died in 1657 after a
serious illness.
f. Aurangzeb/ Alamghir I
(1658-1707 M)
Aurangzeb's name was Alamghir Padshah Ghazi. He was a
brave and wise ruler whose prowess
equaled that of his predecessor Akbar. The system used by Aurangzeb is very different from its
predecessors. Many policies initiated by
previous sultans were changed, especially relations with Hindus. Aurangzeb was the first Mughal ruler to reverse the
policy of reconciliation with Hindus. His
policy of 1659 AD prohibited alcohol, gambling, prostitution and drug
use. In 1664 AD he also issued a
regulation stating that women should not be forced to do satidah, namely. the burning of a widow
whose husband died without her consent.
In 1668 AD Aurangzeb also banned musical performances in the palace, imposed a voting tax on non-Muslims,
ie. The law is known as Fatwa-I,
Alamgiri.
Aurangzeb's actions above angered the Hindus. This then
led to an uprising at the time. However,
because Aurangzeb was so powerful, the rebellion was put down. The biggest rebellion came from
the Maratha empire which was led by its
own king, Shivaji Punsala. The Pathans and Afridis also rebelled because they were disappointed with the
policies of the Aurangzeb government.
Jaswant Singh also rebelled during the Battle of Kara. Meanwhile, the
Rajput leader Durgades also revolts by
leading a guerrilla. But his attempt failed because the Mughal army attack was too strong.
Although the rebellion was successfully
suppressed, it was not completely over. Like a fire in a shell, the
spirit of resistance among Hindus is
still burning. This was proven when Aurangzeb died in 1707 AD. Many provinces far from the
center of the empire were separated from
each other.
g. Post-Aurangzeb
Government
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the Mughal
Empire was ruled by a weak generation.
Prior to 1858 AD the Mughal sultans could no longer control a large enough area and local Hindu
power was highly dynamic apart from
murderous conflicts over power. The successor sultan of Aurangzeb, namely: Bahadur Shah (1707-1712 AD),
Azimusyah (1712-1713 AD), Farukh Siyar (1713-1719 AD), Muhammad Shah (1719-1748
AD), Ahmad Shah (1748- 1754 AD), Alamghir II (1754-1711M) ), Shah Alam
(1761-1806 AD), Akbar II (1806-1837 AD)
and Bahadur Shah II (1837-1858 AD). Towards 1858 AD, when the Mughal sultans were no longer able
to control a large enough area and the
local power of the Hindus was very dynamic, also due to deadly conflicts
in the struggle for power. In that same
year, the British, with the help of the Hindu
kings, managed to break their resistance against the British.
DISCUSSION
1. Development Of Science In The Mughal
Dynasty In India
During the Mughal Dynasty, science in Muslim areas such
as Baghdad, Andalusia, etc. did not
develop as before. A more important aspect of the Mughal dynasty was its advances in poetry and
architecture. A famous poet is Malik
Muhammad Jayazi, a Sufi writer. Regarding Malik Muhammad Jayaz's work,
the teachings on human virtues are
expressed in Pad-Mavati. Apart from the
historiography which is well known today, there are historical works of
the Mughal dynasty based on its leader,
Akhbar Namah, written by Abu Fadl. Meanwhile, in the field of architecture, the Mughal Dynasty
left an extraordinary and very beautiful
historical testimony, namely the Fatpur Sikri Palace in Sikri, a villa
built during the reign of Akbar.
However, this does not mean that science has no place. This can be seen from some of the legacies of the Mughal
dynasty. The education sector has also
received government attention. During Akbar's reign, the field of
linguistics was divided into three
developing national languages: Arabic as the language of religion, Turkish as the language of the nobility, and
Persian as the language of the court and
literature. Apart from that, Akbar also changed the three languages that
were added to Hindi into one, thus
creating a new language for his reign, namely Urdu. Apart from that, science also developed in the field of
philosophy, and King Akbar himself was
mentioned as one of the philosophical figures of that time. It should be
noted the change in the field of
religion, which was first developed by the Sufis and gradually established educational institutions which
later produced famous thinkers and
educators from India (Agustina, 2020).
In addition, other contributions in the field of science
are the many scientists who come to
India to study natural sciences and even the Mughal Palace became the center of cultural activities. This was
because of the support from the ruler as well as the nobility and clergy. Aurangzeb's son,
Sheikh Jehan, known for his steadfastness in
the Sunni religious field, donated a large sum of money and land to set
up an educational center in Lucknow. A
college was founded in Delhi during the time of
Shah Jehan. This number increased when Aurangzeb ruled the government.
In the field of religious knowledge,
Islamic law was successfully codified, known as the Fatwa-i-Alamgiri (Harjoni, 2016).
Administratively, the Mughal government consisted of
central, provincial (subah), district
(sarkar) and sub-district (perganah) powers. Central power is power that is held absolutely by a king who is
commonly calledPadsyah. Padsyahwas the
absolute ruler in the Mughal dynasty in India.Padsyahcomes from
Persian:padmeans absolute power.
Therefore,padsyahwas an absolute ruler who could not be replaced by anyone as long as he lived. The Mughal
dynasty had a central power system controlled
by a king from his center in Delhi. The laws or regulations enforced by
kings varied according to the wishes of
the king. Babur and Humayun, for example, ruled
according to Islamic law.
Science in the economic field of the Mughal Dynasty
government received attention. This is
to support the economic problems of the dynasty. The agricultural sector is one of the sectors in the developed
economic system in addition to mining
and trade, but the main source of royal finances relies more on the
agricultural sector. In this case the
government of the Mughal dynasty formed a local government system that was used to collect agricultural produce
and protect farmers. The smallest area is
called deh and some of the deh are joined in Pargana (Kawedanan
farmers). Each peasant pargana was
headed by a local official, who was namedintroorpatel, the position he has can be inherited, is
responsible to his superiors to deposit income and prevent crime. protected by the right to own
land and the right to inherit it, but they
are also bound by it. Meanwhile, in the field of trade and processing,
the agricultural industry began to
develop. During Akbar's reign trade concessions were granted to The British East India Company (EIC) The
British-Indian East Company to carry on
trading business in India since 1600. They exported Indian cotton and
silk foam, silk raw materials, saltpeter, indigo and spices and imported silver
and other metals in large quantities.
Administratively, the Mughal government consisted of a
center, provinces (subah), districts
(sarkar), and subdivisions (perganah). The central government is a government led by a king who is often called
padsyah. The Padshah was the absolute
ruler of the Mughal dynasty in India. Padsyah is of Persian origin: Pad
means absolute strength. Padsyah is thus
an absolute ruler who cannot be replaced by anyone during his lifetime. The Mughal dynasty had a
centralized system of power ruled by a Delhi based king. The laws or ordinances
of the king varied from country to country. king's wish. For example, Babur and Humayun ruled
under Islamic law.
While Sultan Akbar created Din-Illah. Meanwhile Jahangir,
Shah Jehan and Aurangzeb Alamgir ruled
based on Islamic law. However, the various laws enacted did not imply any restrictions on the powers of
the king. Other orders were also made,
namely institutions, and for each there was a person in charge, namely
the governor assisted by the deputy
governor, paying soldiers and laborers, army commander, police chief, prosecutor, religious leader,
treasurer, tax collector, inspector or Muhtasibamil and Events Secretary or Reporting, Prosecutor
of the Supreme Court of the Region,
consisting of: District Prosecutor's Court, District Civil Service High
Court and District Religious Court. Its
implementation should be divided into several sub sectors. From the
administrative structure above and the system used in the Mughal dynasty, it can be concluded that the
government was quite well organized. This is
proof that administrative training took place in this dynasty. In fact,
many opinions state that the system of
government used or implemented during the Mughal dynasty was a continuation of the previous Delhi
government, which at that time was very
thick with the notion of religious pluralism. Knowledge of the military
and politics also developed from this
administrative structure and administrative system. The army of the famous Mughal Dynasty was solid and very
strong, so the Mughal Empire was a
first-class military empire in the new era (Rusdy, 2018).
The most striking feature in the field of construction
and architecture is the use of marble
which appears as a blend of colors. The most impressive legacy is the Tajmahal in Agra. One of the wonders of the
world, this palace was built by Shah
Jehan specifically for the tomb of his beloved empress. Other buildings
with the same motif are the Great Mosque of Delhi and the Palace in Lahore.
Because of these two advances, we can
also see together that science and technology are advancing, which is reflected in the beauty of the architecture
of the buildings after the Mughal Dynasty
(Gumilar, 2017).
This Indian civilization influenced the course of human
history. They invented numbers that
count up to nine, mastered trigonometry very well, using half factors, managed to determine the surface area of the
earth, as they are also called in medicine,
mathematics and astronomy. Regardless of what Indian civilization
achieved in splendor and creation, from
the 6th century BC. a strange and shocking law that destroys everything, especially religion,
morality and society. This is caused by different things. After the end of the Delhi Sultanate
in India, the Mughol dynasty in India
entered. The Mughal dynasty was an Islamic empire in India. The Mughol
dynasty's contribution to architecture
and science. Beautiful works appeared in India during the reign of Islam. Its ruler loves beauty.
Buildings such as the Jama Masjid in Delhi,
Jahangir Tomb and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore and the Taj Mahal in Agra
are beautiful and magnificent buildings
which are still visited by tourists from various countries (Hasibuan, 2022).
2. The Decline And Collapse Of
The Mughal Dynasty In India
After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal dynasty slowly
declined, and Aurangzeb's policy of
implementing puritanical ideas that were so "hard" against
non-Muslims, especially Hindus, created
hatred among Hindus, made interreligious conflicts difficult to overcome and led to them. to oppose the
Muslim rule of the Indian Mughal
dynasty, which the sultans after Aurangzeb could not resist (Dahlan,
2021).
The ongoing power struggles between royal relatives led
to a weakening of royal power, causing
local governments to lose allegiance to the central government and even seek to strengthen their
governmental positions. This could pose a threat to the continued rule of the Mughals themselves.
The expansion was carried out by the
Asyfar tribe under the leadership of Nadir Shah, who had previously
succeeded in expelling the Shafavi
powers from Iran. As a result of this expansion, Muhammad Shah was unable to survive and demanded
submission to the government of Nadir
Shah. In addition, the development of military power stalled, so that
the Mughal Navy could not immediately
gain control of British operations in the coastal area.
So is the strength of the ground troops. In fact, they
themselves were less adept at using
Mughal weapons. This is coupled with the decline and low morale as well as the extravagant lifestyle of the
political elite, causing the wasteful use of
government funds. The kings who ruled the royal government in the last
half or all of the heirs to the throne
were people who were weak in the field of leadership, and kings did not consider the possibility of elevating
someone to a certain position. It weakens
the government. Officials were unable to fulfill their duties, so the
control function of the kingdom was also
weakened. This situation undermined the loyalty of the soldiers and even the local authorities (Syaefuddin,
2013). Collapse under the Mughals, which
led to the weakening of the empire, gave independence to the British,
who were initially interested in trade
and then wanted to rule. Especially after England managed to beat France. Later, slowly but surely, the
British succeeded in gradually destroying
the Mughal realms and removing Mughal rule from India.
Several factors caused the power of the Mughal dynasty to
decline and lead to destruction, namely:
a. The development of military strength stalled, so that
the Mughal navy could not immediately
control British military operations in the coastal area.
b. Moral depravity and luxurious life in the political
elite, resulting in wasteful use of
public funds.
c. Aurangzeb's approach was too harsh in implementing his
puritanical ideas and ascetic
tendencies, making inter-religious conflicts very difficult for subsequent sultans to overcome.
d. All the heirs to the throne in the last phase were
weak rulers and therefore could not
survive the domestic political downturn
e. It is. Many rebellions occurred due to the weakness of
the Mughal royal leader after
Aurangzeb's leadership, so that many areas of the Mughal Empire were seized.
f. Mughals. These
rebellions included:
1) The Hindus led by Banda succeeded in conquering
Sadhura in north Delhi and also the city
of Sirhind.
2) The Maratha group led by Baji Rao succeeded in
conquering the Gujarat region.
3) During the reign of Shah Alam, the Afghan forces led
by Ahmad Khan Durrani made several
attacks. Shah Alam was defeated and the Mughals ruled Afghanistan.
CONCLUSION
The seeds of the formation of the Mughal dynasty in India
arose from the battles that were waged
by Tamerlane when he first invaded India in 1398. However, he had no ambitions to rule the country. Only
Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur managed to conquer
India and establish a real Mughal dynasty. There were several rulers of
the Mughal dynasty who were prominent
and strong enough to maintain the continuity of the Mughal dynasty, starting from Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur,
Nashirudin Humayun, Akbar Khan, Jahangir,
Shah Jehan and finally Aurangzeb / Alamghir.
The development of science and technology during the
Mughal dynasty in India did not enjoy
the same prestige as previous Islamic dynasties, but the science and
technology recorded in the history of
the Mughal dynasty was quite advanced, this can be seen from the Mughal legacy. A dynasty arose. Regarding
internal factors, such as the emergence of
weak rulers, the occurrence of power struggles between royal successors,
and weak control of power. External factors
were rebellions everywhere and the expansion of British colonialism into India.The collapse of the
Mughal dynasty in India was caused by two
factors. The first is internal factors, such as the emergence of weak
rulers, the occurrence of power struggles
between royal descendants, and weak control of power. Both are external factors, such as the occurrence of
rebellions everywhere and the colonization that
was about to be carried out by the British to India
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